Malnutrition is a global public health crisis affecting millions of people, impact ing not only physical health but also mental well- being. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), about 828 million people were undernourished in 2021, a number that has grown due to rising food and economic crises (FAO, 2022). In the United States, about 13.5% of the population faces food insecurity, including 7.2 million children who lack regular access to nutritious foods (USDA, 2024).

This situation is concerning, as studies show that malnutrition is closely linked to an increased risk of mental health issues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 15% of the global population lives with some form of mental health condition, and individuals facing malnutrition or food insecurity have a significantly higher risk of developing conditions such as depression and anxiety. People with essential nutrient deficiencies have a 30% higher risk of developing depression symptoms over their lifetime. These statistics underscore the importance of understanding how malnutrition can profoundly and enduringly impact mental health.

How does malnutrition affect mental health?

The brain is one of the most metabolically active organs and requires a variety of nutrients to function properly. When the body does not receive the necessary nutrients—whether due to insufficient intake or poor absorption—the brain can be severely impacted. Deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients are associated with various mental health conditions, including symptoms of anxiety and depression (Benton, 2010). A lack of essential nutrients disrupts neurotransmitter production and can impair cognitive and emotional functions.

• Vitamin B12 and Folate: Deficiencies in vitamin B12 and folate are linked to symptoms such as fatigue, brain fog, and depression. These nutrients are essential for producing neurotransmitters like serotonin, which regulate mood and emotional well-being (Stabler, 2013). Studies indicate that individuals with a B12 deficiency have a 50% higher risk of developing depressive symptoms (Laird et al., 2023).

• Iron: Iron deficiency, one of the most common nutritional deficiencies, is associated with cognitive issues, including concentration and memory difficulties. In severe cases, iron deficiency can lead to anemia, which is linked to a higher risk of depression and anxiety

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These essential fatty acids, primarily found in fish, are crucial for brain health. Studies show that omega-3 deficiency is associated with an increased risk of depressive and anxiety disorders, especially in young adults

• Impact of malnutrition on children, adolescents: Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition. During development, the brain requires nutrients to support synapse formation, neural plasticity, and overall growth. When these nutrients are lacking, cognitive and emotional development is directly compromised

• Child malnutrition, cognitive problems: Chronic malnutrition in children leads to attention problems, learning difficulties, and poor school performance. Studies indicate that malnourished children are three times more likely to develop symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence and adulthood

• Impact on socialization, behavior: Children with nutritional deficiencies also show difficulties with socialization and behavioral regulation. Malnutrition can affect emotional regulation, leading to increased aggressive behavior and hyperactivity symptoms

• Malnutrition, mental health in adults, older adults: In adults and older adults, malnutrition also plays a significant role in mental health. Beyond depressive symptoms, nutrient deficiencies in older individuals are associated with faster cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia.

Malnutrition impacts not only the body but also the mind. Deficiencies in essential nutrients increase the risk of depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline, severely affecting quality of life. Investing in a nutrient-rich diet is a crucial step in promoting mental health at all stages of life.

Risley can be contacted at the OSU Cooperative Extension Service in Sequoyah County at 918-775-4838 or janis. risley@okstate.edu.